The EU is getting serious about the Green Deal. The CO2 border adjustment and the expansion of emissions trading, both part of the "Fit for 55" package, are intended to help achieve Brussels' climate goals. Above all, the border adjustment for CO2 emissions will have consequences for the People's Republic of China. Critics from the European metal and aluminium industry are already certain: the People's Republic will find a way around the border adjustment.
By Amelie Richter
On Wednesday, the EU Commission will present its first major package of climate legislation. The package of measures will have a massive impact on numerous sectors of the economy: The automotive industry fears a premature end to the combustion engine while steel manufacturers fear the end of the allocation of free emission certificates.
By Timo Landenberger
A report is circulating in the US media that the Taishan nuclear power plant is about to be shut down due to safety problems. China insists that the situation is under control. In fact, radioactive gases are inevitable during reactor operation. However, they should not escape in large quantities into the plant or the surrounding area.
By
China has overtaken the Europeans in constructing the latest generation of nuclear power plants. However, one problem remains: With the current expansion of nuclear energy, the country's uranium reserves will only last for seven to eight years. A new way of extracting uranium from the sea is supposed to provide a remedy. Although it is much more expensive and complex than extraction on land, it is also more environmentally friendly. Chinese physicists are leading the way. The engineers want to start building the first plant in five years.
By Frank Sieren
China's energy supply is of global importance because of its high emissions. The People's Republic consumes 29 percent of the electricity produced worldwide. Table.Media's editorial team has all the news on China's energy supply and energy policy.
China's energy mix is dominated by thermal generation. 68 percent of electricity comes from fossil fuel combustion. Nuclear power accounted for about five percent of China's electricity mix in 2020. Although the share of electricity from renewable sources is currently only a good quarter, production in this sector is growing.
In total, China generated around 7,623 terawatt hours of electricity in 2020. Renewable sources accounted for 27 percent. Hydropower has the largest share at 18 percentage points, followed by wind power (six percent) and solar (five percent). Five percent of the electricity comes from nuclear power. China's largest source of energy is coal-fired power. Around 60 percent of the electricity generated comes from it.
In 2020, there was 6,752 terawatt hours of electricity consumption in China. If, electricity consumption decreased globally by 1.1 percent due to the Corona crisis, it increased by 300 terrawatt-hours in China in the same year. The People's Republic is responsible for about 29 percent of global electricity consumption. However, the country produced more electricity than it consumed in 2020 - about 0.24 megawatts per capita. This is another reason why China retains enough electricity for export. In 2019, 18.9 billion kilowatt-hours went abroad.
The energy in China is central to the economy of the People's Republic. 38 percent of China's economic output comes from the energy-intensive industrial and construction sectors. In countries like Japan and the U.S., the figure is only 20 to 25 percent. Within this sector, business areas with high energy consumption and CO2 emissions such as the steel, cement, aluminum, petroleum and chemical industries lead the way. Just how dependent the Chinese economy is on the energy sector was demonstrated by the energy crisis in the summer of 2021, a time when the industry's demand for electricity was particularly high as it had to compensate for shortfalls from the Corona crisis. At the same time, the Chinese Communist Party had ordered CO2 emissions to be reduced. Local governments therefore had to ration high-emission electricity. Cell phone networks failed, private houses remained dark, even factories had to stop production at times.
Due to the dependence of China's energy sector on coal-fired power, the price of electricity depends on the price of coal. In 2021, the price of coal increased by 150 percent to 1,500 yuan per ton (about 208 euros). However, because electricity prices are regulated by the state, it was no longer worthwhile for many power plants to produce, which is why they curbed production. The National Development and Reform Commission therefore reformed the electricity price on the one hand and established a mechanism for determining the price of coal on the other. In addition, the Chinese government has expanded coal production. The production capacity of the mines has been increased by 55 percent, which should push the price of coal down to around 1,200 yuan. The background to this is that electricity consumption increases in winter, but power plants were unable to build up stocks during the expensive summer. Electricity prices in China for end consumers vary widely due to various factors. In 2019 - the last time before the Corona and energy crises - industrial companies in Beijing paid between €0.03 and €0.19 per kilowatt hour. The price for residential consumers was between 0.06 and 0.10 euros. For business, the price depends mainly on the region, industrial sector, time of use and total consumption. Private households benefit from subsidies in the form of favorable feed-in tariffs for electricity producers.
In 2060, China wants to operate CO2 neutral. Then, only greenhouse gases that are compensated elsewhere may be emitted. A change of direction in China's energy policy is therefore inevitable. The Communist Party plans for the country's CO2 emissions to peak by 2030. After that, it is to be continuously reduced through the energy turnaround and the restructuring of the economy. China's energy turnaround would also be important for the country's desired independence. Despite enormous coal reserves, China is dependent on imports of various raw materials such as gas and coal.
The energy supply in China is mainly based on fossil fuels and - if the Communist Party wants to achieve climate neutrality by 2060 - needs to be transformed. That is why the massive promotion of solar, hydro and wind power is planned. China has increased the amount of electricity generated by solar and wind power more than tenfold in the past decade, but its electricity demand has grown even faster. This is mainly due to the extremely energy-intensive industry in China. After all, the People's Republic has managed to double its economic output in the same period, while at the same time keeping CO2 emissions stable. Economic growth and emissions were thus largely decoupled. Nevertheless, the Communist Party is also planning to dismantle these sectors. It sees the country's future in the high-tech industry.
Because of its high CO2 emissions, China's energy policy is of global importance. A targeted environmental policy and sustainable structural change is in the interest of all countries. Therefore the editorial staff of Table.Media brings all news about China's energy supply in German and English.
